四九七 | “瞻前顾后”都是线索
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随着本题的结束
2009新题型圆满落幕
全文链接如下：
以及本文：
Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.
Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.
[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.
微观匹配
[F] Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.
不着调儿
[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
宏观匹配
品词读句
第一句
Historical particularism（主）became（系）a dominant approach（表）(to the study of culture)（定）(in American anthropology)（定）, [largely through the influence of many students of Boas]（原因状语）.
本句译文：历史特殊论能够成为美国人类学文化研究的主导方法，很大程度上是受博厄斯众多学生的影响。
句中词汇：
dominant adj. 占优势的；支配的
助记：domin- 与domain同源，意为“领地、房子”；-ant为形容词后缀；“（在自己）领地上的”即为“支配的，占优势的”
domain n. 领域；；产业；范围
dominate v. 占优势；支配
dominative v. 占优势的；支配的
第二句
But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s（主）also rejected（谓）the particularist theory of culture（宾）[in favor of diffusionism]（状）.
本句译文：但是20世纪早期也有许多人类学家否认文化特殊论，而是赞同传播论。
第三句
[1] 主句：Some（主）attributed（谓）virtually every important cultural achievement（宾）[to the inventions of a few], especially gifted peoples（同）[2] 修饰peoples的定语从句：that（主）, according to diffusionists, then spread（谓）[to other cultures].
本句译文：一些人类学家认为，每一个重大的文化成就都归功于少数有天赋的民族的发明创造。根据传播者的看法，这些发明创造后来逐步传播到其他文化中。
句中词汇：
attribute … to … v. 把……归因于……
gifted adj. 有天赋的；有才华的
diffusion n. 扩散；传播
第四句
[1]主句：[For example], British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry（主）incorrectly suggested（谓）, [on the basis of inadequate information], [2]宾语从句：that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all（主）originated （谓1）[inancient Egypt] and diffused（谓2）[throughout the world].
例如，英国人类学家格拉夫顿·艾略特·史密斯和W.J.佩里在信息缺乏的情况下，错误地提出农耕、陶器制造、冶金都是源于古埃及，然后传播到世界各地。
句中词汇：
pottery n. 陶瓷；陶瓷厂；陶瓷制造
metallurgy n. 冶金术；冶金业
第五句
[In fact], all of these cultural developments（主）occurred（谓）[separately] [at different times in many parts of the world].
本句译文：事实上，所有这些文化的发展分别在世界各地的不同时期都曾出现过。
第六句
[1]主句：Also in the early 1900s], French sociologist Émile Durkheim（主）developed（谓）a theory of culture（宾）[2]修饰theory的定语从句：that（主）would greatly influence（谓）anthropology（宾）.
本句译文：在20世纪早期，法国人类学家埃米尔·涂尔干也提出了一种对人类学产生深远影响的文化理论。
第七句
[1]主句：Durkheim（主）proposed（谓）[2]宾语从句：that religious beliefs（主）functioned to reinforce（谓）social solidarity（宾）.
本句译文：涂尔干认为宗教信仰有助于加强社会团结。
第八句
An interest（主）(in the relationship between the function of society and culture)（定）— (known as functionalism)（定）— became（系）a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology（表）.
本句译文：社会功能和文化之间的关系的关注——亦称功能主义研究——成为了欧洲人类学尤其是英国人类学的一大主题。
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